Taiko specific maps are what you generally want to be playing instead of standard Auto-converts. Taiko difficulties use a different naming scheme than standard. Kantan=Easy, Futsuu=Normal, Muzukashii=Hard, Oni=Insane, Inner Oni=Extra. Really early on it doesn't matter much as auto-converts and kantan and futsuu difficulties play very similarly but Muzukashii is where they diverge and so you want to be playing Taiko specific maps. The difficulty name in Taiko generally has less to do with the star rating of the song though and more to do with the patterns used in the map. The star rating is simply a combination of the difficulty of the patterns with the speed of the song.
As far as the whole jargon on 1/1, 1/2, 1/4 notes that is simply referring to the note snapping and is mainly used as terminology by mappers. Just as an easy way of thinking of it if you see a triplet in a song where the notes are coming twice as fast as the rest of the notes this is most likely a 1/4 pattern as generally single taps will be 1/2 patterns. (This may not be 100% the case depending on bpm song you could have 1/4 snapping as the regular single taps and 1/8 as the patterns you'd alternate but this would be extremely low BPM maps and such. Completely ignore this statement it's mainly for anyone that would want to correct me)
Also I'm not an expert on great maps to play for learning specific patterns or what not. I simply downloaded and played as many Taiko specific maps and slowly worked my way up in difficulty. But if you are looking for good maps to play to learn patterns just follow this:
t/175867Also in addition Chromoxx has a short Youtube series that I used for some helpful tips when getting into Taiko gamemode. Also if you ever have any questions while in game about playing Taiko feel free to join the #Taiko channel. Plenty of Taiko players who would probably be happy to answer questions or suggest maps for you to play