Moved to mapping discussion as it is not an RC proposal or discussion
Welcome! o7
Generally there are 3 major parts to ranking maps, but the time each one takes can vary a lot depending on your experience and the type of map.
First is to the best of your ability making sure it meets
The Ranking Criteria. This can help iron out technical or spread issues in your map.
Next is getting mods, which you can read more about
on the Modding Wiki Page. This is when people give your map feedback and you actively choose what to change or not to improve the map further. Generally, mappers will learn from others mods on their maps and continue making new maps with what they have learned. You can also continue getting direct feedback from mappers, modders, and players to improve a map. Modders may also help in pointing out RC issues you missed as well.
I suggest checking out
modding queues to find people taking modding requests to ask for feedback on your map.
When a map feels ready to yourself and modders, that's when you'd look into the
Ranking Procedure by looking for Beatmap Nominators to push your map. Depending on if it is ready or not, they may choose to accept or deny a request, or ask you to get more mods or similar.
I hope those pages are useful and happy mapping!